Laxmi Basin Informal Lithounit II Fm

Type section (reference well) is in Site U1456, 120-360 mbsf. [Original Publication: D.K. Pandey, P.D. Clift, D.K. Kulhanek and the Expedition 355 Scientists. (2016). Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, Vol. 355. Publications.iodp.org]

[Figure 1: Regional free air gravity anomaly map of the western Indian Ocean with mainland topography. The area of study is shown in the inset regional map. Superposed are the major tectonic elements (in black) and locations of seismic profiles (solid black lines) used for the present study. Drill locations of IODP Expedition 355 used to compare the litholog data with seismic sequences are marked in red circles. Green stars denote the location of the exploratory wells (NELP 2007) from the near shelf region. Demarcation of Laxmi Ridge from free air gravity anomaly response is denoted in red dashed lines. The interpretation from seismic profiles IODP-02, IODP-03, IODP-07, W05 and W06 are utilized as constraints for the present study and incorporated to generate the isopach map. The black dashed lines are the locations of published seismic profiles (Pandey et al., 2017; Nair and Pandey, 2018). The distribution of rivers in the Indian mainland is shown in blue. BH- Bombay High; RS- Raman Seamount; WG-Wadia Guyot, PR- Panikkar Ridge. The extent of PR modified from Pandey and Pandey (2015), (after Nisha Nair et al., 2021)]

[Figure 2: Calibration of seismic horizons with sediments recovered from Sites U 1456 and U1457 (Pandey et al., 2016) in the Laxmi Basin. Seismic reflection profile IODP-04 crossing across drill site U 1457 shows the reflection configuration and correlated age from cores. Ages are assigned from the nannofossil biostratigraphic markers (IODP Expedition 355) using the

geological time-scale (Gradstein et al., 2012), (after Nisha Nair et al., 2021)]

[Figure 3: Main sedimentary features corresponding to dominant lithology of each interpreted sequence from SiteU1457. The descriptions and depth of the cores are taken from the core log report of IODP Expedition 355, after Nisha Nair et al., 2021)]

Clayey sandstone turbidites. Dark grayish to blackish sand and silt and light brown nannofossil-rich clay are the dominant lithologies in Unit II, but most of this unit is composed of dark grayish to blackish. Thick sand layers are typically massive and lack structures. Most of the sand is medium to fine grained and enriched in medium- to coarse-grained mica. Clay color varies from light greenish gray to light brown, depending on the nannofossil content and is interbedded with very thin (~1 cm) blackish silt and sand layers. Nannofossil-rich clay and nannofossil-rich clay with silt beds are also seen in this unit, but they constitute only a small proportion. In Unit II, the most abundant minerals are quartz, feldspar, and mica, together with lithic fragments (metamorphic rock fragments). The suite of heavy minerals is consistent throughout this unit, consisting of common blue-green calcic amphiboles, epidote, garnet, kyanite, and clinopyroxene, with rare zircon, tourmaline, and apa­tite. Its thickness is at Hole U1456A = 240.13 m, Hole U1456C = 98.92 m (minimum thickness); Intervals – Hole U1456A = 121.36-361.49mbsf, Hole U1456C = 121.30-220.22mbsf

All the foraminiferal and calcareous datums given in table below:

[Figure 4: Biostratigraphic datums of Site U1456]

[Figure 5: Interpretation of seismic facies based on the reflection characteristics (internal geometries, continuity, amplitude, shape) along Laxmi Basin, (after Nisha Nair et al., 2021)]

[Figure 6: Seismic reflection profile line W06 with location of Site U1456 and main seismically defined horizons described in text. Purple bar shows proposed penetration at Site U1456; white box shows actual penetration. SP = shotpoint, CDP = common depth point (after Pandey et al., 2016)]